In many real-world systems, the behavior of objects or processes is often nonlinear, complex, and difficult to describe with precise mathematical models. Traditional modeling methods (such as first...

Bootstrap Method Core Idea and Basic Steps of Bootstrap Bootstrap method, as its name suggests, draws inspiration from the absurd story of “pulling oneself up by one’s own bootstraps,” and was pr...

Random numbers play a crucial role in many fields including cryptography, computer graphics, and statistics. Different applications require different types of random numbers, leading to various typ...

In real-world decision-making problems, it is often necessary to consider multiple conflicting or interrelated objectives simultaneously, known as multi-objective optimization decision problems. Ho...

NSGA-II is a popular multi-objective optimization algorithm extended from GA, proposed by Deb et al. in 2002. It maintains GA’s basic framework while incorporating non-dominated sorting and diversi...